NEW STUDIES ADDEDTitle: Epigenetic Modulation of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis by Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields Location in PEMF Global Library: Published: 22 January 2014 Applied Frequencies: 50Hz Available in: iMRS Prime Trial Abstract: Throughout life, adult neurogenesis generates new neurons in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus that have a critical role in memory formation. Strategies able to stimulate this endogenous process have raised considerable interest because of their potential use to treat neurological disorders entailing cognitive impairment. We previously reported that mice exposed to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELFEFs) showed increased hippocampal neurogenesis. Conclusion: Our results unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying the ELFEFs’ ability to improve endogenous neurogenesis, pointing to histone acetylation–related chromatin remodeling as a critical determinant. These findings could pave the way to the development of novel therapeutic approaches in regenerative medicine. Title: How Does Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Influence Glial Cells in the Central Nervous System? Location in PEMF Global Library: Published: 5 April 2016 Applied Frequencies: 1, 20, 25 Hz Available in: iMRS Prime, Omnium1 2.0 Abstract: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is widely used in the clinic, and while it has a direct effect on neuronal excitability, the beneficial effects experienced by patients are likely to include the indirect activation of other cell types. Research conducted over the past two decades has made it increasingly clear that a population of non-neuronal cells, collectively known as glia, respond to and facilitate neuronal signaling. Each glial cell type has the ability to respond to electrical activity directly or indirectly, making them likely cellular effectors of TMS. TMS has been shown to enhance adult neural stem and progenitor cell (NSPC) proliferation, but the effect on cell survival and differentiation is less certain. Furthermore there is limited information regarding the response of astrocytes and microglia to TMS, and a complete paucity of data relating to the response of oligodendrocyte-lineage cells to this treatment. However, due to the critical and yet multifaceted role of glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS), the influence that TMS has on glial cells is certainly an area that warrants careful examination. Conclusion: The use of TMS and other activity-based therapies is increasing, and despite the important role played by glial cells in responding to activity and regulating activity in the CNS, they have been largely overlooked in this field, with only a small number of studies examining the role of TMS on glia in vivo (see Table 1). It is likely that many of the beneficial effects of TMS are the result of the secondary activation of glial cells. To fully understand the therapeutic benefits that can be obtained through the application of TMS, it will be critical to understand which stimulation patterns most influence glial cell populations, perhaps even opening up previously unconsidered therapeutic options for the use of TMS to manipulate glial cell function. Title: Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields Promote In Vitro Neuronal Differentiation and Neurite Outgrowth of Embryonic Neural Stem Cells via Up-Regulating TRPC1 Location in PEMF Global Library: Published: 7 March 2016 Applied Frequencies: 50Hz Available in: iMRS Prime Trial Abstract: Exposure to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) can enhance hippocampal neurogenesis in adult mice. However, little is focused on the effects of ELF-EMFs on embryonic neurogenesis. Here, we studied the potential effects of ELF-EMFs on embryonic neural stem cells (eNSCs). We exposed eNSCs to ELF-EMF (50 Hz, 1 mT) for 1, 2, and 3 days with 4 hours per day. Conclusion: We found that eNSC proliferation and maintenance were significantly enhanced after ELF-EMF exposure in the proliferation medium. ELF-EMF exposure increased the ratio of differentiated neurons and promoted the neurite outgrowth of eNSC-derived neurons without influencing astrocyes differentiation and the cell apoptosis. In addition, the expression of the proneural genes, NeuroD and Ngn1, which are crucial for neuronal differentiation and neurite outgrowth, was increased after ELF-EMF exposure. Moreover, the expression of transient receptor potential canonical 1 (TRPC1) was significantly up-regulated accompanied by increased the peak amplitude of intracellular calcium level induced by ELF-EMF. Furthermore, silencing TRPC1 expression eliminated the up-regulation of the proneural genes and the promotion of neuronal differentiation and neurite outgrowth induced by ELF-EMF. These results suggest that ELF-EMF exposure promotes the neuronal differentiation and neurite outgrowth of eNSCs via up-regulation the expression of TRPC1 and proneural genes (NeuroD and Ngn1). These findings also provide new insights in understanding the effects of ELF-EMF exposure on embryonic brain development. Title: Impact of electromagnetic fields on stem cells: common mechanisms at the crossroad between adult neurogenesis and osteogenesis
Location in PEMF Global Library: Published: 15 June 2015 Applied Frequencies: 7.5-75 Hz Available in: iMRS Prime (0.5-28 Hz), Omnium1 2.0 (0.5-28 Hz), iMRS Prime Trial Abstract: In the recent years adult neural and mesenchymal stem cells have been intensively investigated as effective resources for repair therapies. In vivo and in vitro studies have provided insights on the molecular mechanisms underlying the neurogenic and osteogenic processes in adulthood. This knowledge appears fundamental for the development of targeted strategies to manipulate stem cells. Here we review recent literature dealing with the effects of electromagnetic fields on stem cell biology that lends support to their use as a promising tool to positively influence the different steps of neurogenic and osteogenic processes. We will focus on recent studies revealing that extremely-low frequency electromagnetic fields enhance adult hippocampal neurogenesis by inducing epigenetic modifications on the regulatory sequences of genes responsible for neural stem cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation. In light of the emerging critical role played by chromatin modifications in maintaining the stemness as well as in regulating stem cell differentiation, we will also attempt to exploit epigenetic changes that can represent common targets for electromagnetic field effects on neurogenic and osteogenic processes. Conclusion: With regard to neurogenesis and osteogenesis it is becoming increasingly clear that these processes rely on the activation of specific and complex transcriptional programs whose regulation may provide a cellular candidate for therapeutic intervention. In this context epigenetic mechanisms play a critical regulatory role translating a wide array of endogenous and exogenous signals into persistent changes in gene expression in both NSCs and MSCs. ELFEF stimulation has been recognized as effective tool in promoting both neurogenesis and osteogenesis and studies performed so far on NSCs point to chromatin remodeling as a critical determinant in ELFEF’s induced pro-neuronal gene expression. The literature here reviewed suggests that epigenetic regulation of bone-related genes may seemingly mediate the effects exerted by EFs on osteogenesis.
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